Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with. This means that to be affected, a person must have a change mutation in both copies of the responsible gene in each cell. Is ideal for patients with a clinical suspicion of chediakhigashi syndrome, familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, griscelli syndrome or lymphoproliferative syndrome. For claims with a date of service on or after october 1, 2015, use an equivalent icd10cm code or codes. Discussion hemophagocytic syndromehemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosishlh it is a rare ds.
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis linkedin slideshare. This is a pdf file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. Pediatric hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis blood american. She had abdominal effusion which was determined to be a modified transudate. Meige syndrome nord national organization for rare. Hemophagocytic syndrome is a term used to describe the proliferation of nonneoplastic i. The prognosis likely depends on several factors, such as age of onset. Hlh can occur as a familial or sporadic disorder, and it can be triggered by a variety of. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. This overactivation of the immune system causes fever.
Prompt initiation of treatment for hlh is essential for the survival of affected patients. Macrophage activation syndrome mas is a lifethreatening complication of rheumatic disease that, for unknown reasons, occurs much more frequently in individuals with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis sjia and in those with adultonset still disease. Vahs is a life threatening disorder characterized by secondary hlh with benign histiocytic proliferation, marked hemophagocytosis and evidence of active viral infection. Pathophysiology and epidemiology of hemophagocytic. Secondary hemophagocytic syndrome is also called acquired.
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh is a condition of immune system dysregulation characterized by both severe inflammation and uncontrolled activation of t cells and macrophages inducing severe, sometimes fatal, organ damage observed in the bone marrow, liver, and central nervous system. The genes on this panel are included in the bone marrow failure syndrome panel and the comprehensive hematology panel. The hemophagocytic syndrome, also called hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh, is a collection of nonmalignant but frequently lifethreatening disorders, associated with an ever growing list of genetic and acquired causes 17,18 box 5. Familial and acquired hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. In general, hlh is a syndrome of pathologic immune activation with clinical manifestations of extreme inflammation. Unusual causes of haemophagocytic syndrome fatin al sayes, mrcpath, frcpc haemophagocytic syndrome is rare, often fatal clinical disorder in which release of inflammatory cytokines from macrophages results in marked haemophagocytosis. May 08, 20 virus associated hemophagocytic syndrome is a very serious complication of a viral infection. Jul 21, 2015 hemophagocytosis phagocytosis by macrophages of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and their precursors in bone marrow and other tissues hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis uncommon, lifethreatening hyperinflammatory syndrome caused by severe hypercytokinemia due to a highly stimulated but ineffective immune process by. Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh, also known as haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis british spelling, and hemophagocytic or haemophagocytic syndrome, is an uncommon hematologic disorder seen more often in children than in adults. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is an imperfect name for this syndrome or group of syndromes as hemophagocytosis is often absent and lymphohistiocytosis lacks precision. Pdf haemophagocytic syndrome in rheumatic patients. Virusassociated hemophagocytic syndrome is a rare condition, precipitated by viral infection and characterized by proliferation of benign histiocytes with phagocytosis. A multicenter retrospective analysis of 162 patients, the american journal of medicine 2014, doi.
Sep 11, 2017 hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh may be inherited or acquired due to nongenetic factors. Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is a disorder in which the immune system produces too many activated immune cells lymphocytes called t cells, natural killer cells, b cells, and macrophages histiocytes. Islands of erythroid precursors are also prominent. Virus associated hemophagocytic syndrome genetic and rare. Cns involvement of virusassociated hemophagocytic syndrome. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh was first described in. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis wiley online library. Pdf hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh is a lifethreatening hyperinflammatory syndrome and not an independent disease. It is associated with ineffective but exaggerated immune response and infiltration of active lymphocytes and histiocytes in various organs. Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis ie, acquired hemophagocytic. Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis genetic and. We are presenting two unusual cases of adults with haemophagocytic syndrome. A set of diagnostic criteria was recommended by the histiocyte society for use in the hlh2004 research protocol, and this was revised in 2007. Clinically, patients present signs of severe inflammation, with unremitting fever.
Ppt hemophagocytic syndromes powerpoint presentation. In hlh, there is a deregulation of tlymphocytes and excessive production of cytokines leading to. Hemophagocytic syndrome has been described as a disorder of morphologically normal macrophages. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh, also known as macrophage activation syndrome when occurring in the setting of a rheumatologic disorder, is a nonmalignant but oftenfatal disorder of immune dysregulation affecting multiple organs. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh may be inherited or acquired due to nongenetic factors. Pediatric hemophagocytic syndrome hs is a severe and often fatal clinical disorder. Depending on the etiology, hlh can be divided into genetic i. Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis may be associated with primary immunodeficiency syndromes such as chediakhigashi syndrome, griscelli syndrome type 2, hermanskypudlak syndrome type 2 and xlinked lymphoproliferative disorder types 1 and 2 hematology am soc hematol educ program 2011. Hlh represents the extreme end of a severe uncontrolled hyperinflammatory reaction that can occur in many underlying conditions.
Characterized by benign proliferation of the mature histiocyte. The identification of hemophagocytic histiocytes in bone marrow or, less commonly, in spleen or lymph node tissue represents a key diagnostic feature of hlh. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh is a lifethreatening hyperinflammatory syndrome and not an independent disease. It is a lifethreatening disease of severe hyperinflammation caused by uncontrolled proliferation of activated. Familial hlh is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Hlh may be diagnosed in association with malignant, genetic, or autoimmune. Hemophagocytic syndrome is more often primary that is, hereditary type as a result of genetic disturbance in the work of macrophages. The treatment and prognosis of patients with hlh and the macrophage activation syndrome mas, a form of hlh in patients with. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh is an unusual syndrome characterized by fever, splenomegaly, jaundice, and the pathologic finding of hemophagocytosis phagocytosis by macrophages of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, also known as haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis british spelling, and hemophagocytic or haemophagocytic syndrome, is an uncommon hematologic disorder seen more often in children than in adults. Hemophagocytic syndromes and infection volume 6, number 6.
This syndrome is frequently unrecognized, and thus, affected children may receive suboptimal management, leading to an increase in mortality. Serum levels of various parameters including cytokines were determined during the active. Hereditary and acquired hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Swine flu and hemophagocytic syndrome springerlink. The mr imaging appearance of a case of virusassociated hemophagocytic syndrome complicated by diffuse cns infiltration is presented. Excessive amounts of immune system proteins called cytokines are also produced. Signs and symptoms of virus associated hemophagocytic syndrome, include high fever, liver problems, enlarged liver and spleen, coagulation factor abnormalities, decreased red or white blood cells and platelets pancytopenia, and a buildup of histiocytes, a type of immune cell, in various tissues in. Clinically, patients present signs of severe inflammation, with unremitting fever, cytopenias. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh, or haemophagocytic syndrome is a lifethreatening disease with a reported mortality of over 50% 3, belonging. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh is a rare, life threatening condition characterized by. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh is a rare syndrome of pathologic immune activation in children that is increasingly being recognized in adults. According to a large, populationbased study published in sweden, it was estimated to occur in 1. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh is a rare disorder of the immune system primarily affecting young infants and children, although it can develop for the first time at any age.
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh, also known as hemophagocytic syndrome, is an inherited or acquired histiocyte activation syndrome that is potentially fatal. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis radiology reference. Clinical features and diagnosis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh comprises a. Pdf secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis syndrome in. There is no doubt that vahs occurred in this patient infected with swine flu. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh is an aggressive and lifethreatening syndrome of excessive immune activation. Classification of hemophagocytic syndrome primary or genetic hemophagocytic syndrome familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis immune deficiency syndrome type 1 hplh1, 9q21. Review the clinical features and epidemiology of hlh, its association with infection, and evidence that this syndrome results from disordered cellular immunity. Prompt treatment is critical, but the greatest barrier to a successful outcome is often a delay in diagnosis due to the rarity of this syndrome. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh is an unusual syndrome characterized by fever, splenomegaly, jaundice, and the pathologic finding of hemophagocytosis phagocytosis by macrophages of. A 4 year old female spayed border collie mix had a 10 day history of refractory imha itp with possible dic. Virus associated hemophagocytic syndrome is a very serious complication of a viral infection.
It typically affects infants and young children but can be seen at all ages 5. Abstract hemophagocytic syndrome, also known as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh, is a heterogenic syndrome, which leads to an acute, lifethreatening in. In addition, to improve outcome, it is essential to identify the disorders underlying hlh and provide disorder. Virus associated hemophagocytic syndrome genetic and. Meige syndrome genetic and rare diseases information. The parents of an affected person usually each carry one mutated copy of the.
The latter can be secondary to infections, malignancies, or autoimmune diseases. Macrophage activation syndrome mas is a severe condition due to a hyperinflammatory response resulting from exaggerated activation and proliferation of nonmalignant macrophages. Pdf hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh is not an independent disease but rather a lifethreatening clinical syndrome that occurs in. Hemophagocytic syndromes and infection volume 6, number. Meige syndrome is a rare neurological movement disorder characterized by involuntary and often forceful contractions of the muscles of the jaw and tongue oromandibular dystonia and involuntary muscle spasms and contractions of the muscles around the eyes blepharospasm. Hemophagocytic syndrome in children and adults springerlink. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh is a rapidly progressive, lifethreatening syndrome of excessive immune activation. Apr 05, 2019 primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis ie, familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis fel, an inherited form of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis syndrome, is a heterogeneous autosomal recessive disorder found to be more prevalent with parental consanguinity. Soluble hemoglobinhaptoglobin scavenger receptor cd163 as a lineagespecific marker in the reactive hemophagocytic syndrome. It is characterized by benign proliferation of mature histiocytes and uncontrolled phagocytosis of the platelet, erythrocytes, lymphocytes and their hematopoieti. Hemophagocytic syndrome, also known as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh, is a heterogenic syndrome, which leads to an acute, lifethreatening inflammatory reaction. It mostly affects infants and children but can develop at any age. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh is a potentially fatal hyperin.
Signs and symptoms of virus associated hemophagocytic syndrome, include high fever, liver problems, enlarged liver and spleen, coagulation factor abnormalities, decreased red or white blood cells and platelets pancytopenia, and a buildup of histiocytes, a type of immune. Introduction hemophagocytic syndrome is a rare disorder of the mononuclear phagocytic system. Lymphohistiocytosis hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Hlh appears to affect all ages, although the hereditary and sporadic cases are reported primarily in children. Genetic forms of hlhs are due to defects in transport, processing and function of cytotoxic.
On readmission the patient was finally diagnosed as hepatitis a with prolonged cholestasis and vahs,since the patient had developed features of hemophagocytic syndrome. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh is a lifethreatening syndrome characterized by a dysregulated hyperinflammatory response associated with aberrant. Familial forms result from genetic defects in natural killer cells and. Subsequently, hlh has been reported in association with a variety of infections, and the term reactive hemophagocytic syndrome has been suggested to distinguish hlh associated with an identifiable infectious or noninfectious etiology from its hereditary forms. Hemophagocytic syndrome, also known as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh, is the manifestation of immune dysregulation. The abdominal cavity contained approximately 100200 ml of. The condition is rare but has been recognized in dogs and cats. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh, or haemophagocytic syndrome is a lifethreatening disease with a reported mortality of over 50% 3, belonging to the socalled cytokine storm syndromes. A low power view of the aspirate show a hypercellular marrow with a marked increase in megakaryocytes. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh covers a wide array of related lifethreatening conditions featuring ineffective immunity characterized by an uncontrolled hyperinflammatory response. Hemophagocytic syndrome an overview sciencedirect topics. Hemophagocytic syndromes histiocytosis association.
Haemophagocytic syndrome in a dog veterinary pathology. Mas falls under the umbrella group of diseases known as of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh or hemophagocytic syndrome hps. It most frequently affects infants from birth to 18 months of age, but the disease is also observed in children and adults of all ages. There is uncontrolled phagocytosis of the platelet, erythrocytes, lymphocytes and their hematopoietic precursors in the bm giving rise to cytopenias. Hemophagocytic syndrome is a rare and potentially fatal disorder characterized by pathological immune activation associated with a primary familial disorder, genetic mutations, or occurring as a sporadic condition. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in pediatric patients.
The clinical features are fever, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphoadenopathy and pancytopenia, secondary to a phenomenon of phagocytosis of hematological elements and their precursors in bone marrow and peripheral lymphoid organs 1,2,3. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis panel blueprint genetics. A case of hemophagocytic syndrome due to tuberculosis. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is further subdivided into the following. Pathology outlines hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Macrophage activation syndrome is characterized by pancytopenia, liver insufficiency.
Infection and malignancyassociated hemophagocytic syndromes. Clinical features of hemophagocytic syndrome in patients. Myeloid disorders hereditary causes of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis published date. Dec 15, 2005 pediatric hemophagocytic syndrome hs is a severe and often fatal clinical disorder. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh, is a potentially fatal hyperinflammatory syndrome characterized fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and cytopenias. It involves a proinflammatory cytokine storm with high levels of many cytokines e. I read the recent publication on swine flu and hemophagocytic syndrome with great interest. Hemophagocytic syndrome in patients with acute myeloid. Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis genetics. When t cells and macrophages do not talk the hemophagocytic syndromes. Histiocytic glomerulopathy associated with macrophage. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh is an unusual syndrome characterized by fever, splenomegaly, jaundice, and the pathologic finding of hemophagocytosis phagocytosis by macrophages of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and their precursors in bone marrow and other tissues. Hlh occurs both in children and adults, and can be triggered by various inherited as well as acquired factors. Objectiveto determine the frequency, potential causes, and clinical and clinicopathologic features of hemophagocytic syndrome in dogs designretrospective study animals24 clientowned dogs proceduresrecords for dogs in which diagnostic bone marrow specimens including an aspiration smear and core biopsy material were obtained from 1996.
Durham, in pathologic basis of veterinary disease sixth edition, 2017. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh is a syndrome describing patients. The specific symptoms and their severity vary from case to case. The longterm outlook prognosis for people with meige syndrome is hard to predict because the specific symptoms, severity and progression of the condition vary from person to person.
Rate of decline of ferritin in patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis as a prognostic variable for mortality. In contrast, stress, uncertainty, and rumoring in the postmerger. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh hemophagocytic syndrome hps is a rare and potentially lifethreatening blood disorder of the immune system. This devastating clinical condition has myriad of clinical and biochemical manifestations such as fever, splenomegaly. It is sometimes difficult to establish the diagnosis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh, and the combination of the physical symptoms and certain laboratory tests is required.